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ISSN 2097-3497 (Online)
CN 22-1108/R
Volume 42 Issue 2
Feb.  2026
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Clinical Hepatology  > 2026  >  42(2): 372-379

Influencing factors for calcium salt deposition in patients with alveolar echinococcosis

DOI: 10.12449/JCH260217
  • 1.

    Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery，The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University，Shihezi，Xinjiang 832008，China

  • 2.

    NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases，Shihezi，Xinjiang 832008，China

  • 3.

    Department of Oncology，The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University，Shihezi，Xinjiang 832008，China

  • 4.

    Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps，Shihezi，Xinjiang 832008，China

Research funding:

National Natural Science Foundation of China (81860363);

Science and Technology Research Program in Key Areas of Financial Science and Technology Program of the Corps (2022DB028)

More Information
  • Corresponding author: ZHANG Hongwei， zhw0108@163.com （ORCID： 0000-0002-3505-5824）
  • Received Date: 2025-09-11
  • Accepted Date: 2025-11-10
  • Published Date: 2026-02-25
    Abstract
  •   Objective  To investigate the imaging features of calcium salt deposition and serological markers in patients with alveolar echinococcosis through a retrospective analysis， as well as independent risk factors for the degree of calcium salt deposition in lesions， and to provide a basis for assessing disease process.  Methods  A retrospective analysis was performed for the imaging and clinical data of 107 patients with alveolar echinococcosis who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University from December 2023 to June 2025， and according to the volume of calcium salt deposition， they were divided into non-deposition group with 16 patients， mild deposition group with 52 patients， moderate deposition group with 16 patients， and severe deposition group with 23 patients. A one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups， and the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. The four groups were further combined into the low deposition group （no/mild deposition） and the high deposition group （moderate/severe deposition）. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the independent influencing factors for calcium salt deposition， and a predictive model was established. The receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve was used to assess the predictive performance of the model， and the Bootstrap method was used for internal validation.  Results  There were significant differences between the four groups in sex distribution， involvement of other sites， white blood cell count， lymphocyte percentage， fibrinogen， uric acid， sodium ion， chloride ion， and calcium ion （all P<0.05）. The univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between the four groups in sex， involvement of other sites， white blood cell count， lymphocyte percentage， fibrinogen， alanine aminotransferase， albumin， creatinine， uric acid， sodium ion， chloride ion， and calcium ion （all P<0.1）. The multi-collinearity diagnosis showed that the VIF values for all continuous variables ranged from 1.104 to 1.760， suggesting that collinearity did not affect modeling. An ordinal logistic regression model was established based on sex， involvement of other sites， calcium ion， lymphocyte percentage， and uric acid. The multivariate analysis showed that lymphocyte percentage （odds ratio ［OR］=1.106， 95% confidence interval ［CI］： 1.041 — 1.174， P=0.001） and blood calcium level （OR=0.005， 95%CI： 0.000 —0.230， P=0.007） were independent influencing factors for the degree of calcium salt deposition. The regression equation was established as Logit（P）=8.231 + 0.100 × lymphocyte percentage -5.344 × calcium ion. The ROC curve analysis showed that the model had an area under the ROC curve of 0.716， with a Youden index of 0.353， a sensitivity of 1.000， and a specificity of 0.353. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the model had poor calibration （χ2=20.688， P=0.008）. The Bootstrap method with 1000 repeated samples showed that the estimated values of lymphocyte percentage （OR=1.106， 95%CI： 1.049 — 1.186， P=0.002） and calcium ion （OR=0.005， 95%CI： 0.000 — 0.214， P=0.010） were consistent with the original model， and the confidence intervals did not include 1， which further supported the reliability of the model.  Conclusion  Both lymphocyte percentage and blood calcium level are independent influencing factors for calcium salt deposition in alveolar echinococcosis， and the degree of calcium salt deposition in alveolar echinococcosis lesions increases with the reduction in blood calcium level and the increase in lymphocyte percentage.

     

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