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Volume 41 Issue 5
May  2025
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Clinical Hepatology  > 2025  >  41(5): 900-906

Effectiveness of carvedilol alone versus carvedilol combined with endoscopic variceal ligation in secondary prevention of gastroesophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis

DOI: 10.12449/JCH250515

  • Department of Gastroenterology，Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University，Jinan 250021，China

Research funding:

National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970533);

Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2022ZD21)

More Information
  • Corresponding author: ZHANG Chunqing， zhangchunqing_sdu@163.com （ORCID： 0000-0001-8711-1579）
  • Received Date: 2024-09-18
  • Accepted Date: 2024-10-23
  • Published Date: 2025-05-25
    Abstract
  •   Objective  To compare the therapeutic effects of carvedilol alone and carvedilol combined with endoscopic variceal ligation （EVL） in the prevention of re-bleeding from gastroesophageal varices， and to provide strategies for clinical treatment.  Methods  We retrospectively included 178 patients who had received carvedilol alone or carvedilol plus EVL to prevent gastroesophageal variceal re-hemorrhage from October 2010 to June 2023. They were divided into carvedilol alone group （47 cases） and carvedilol+EVL group （131 cases）. Between-group comparisons were conducted using the paired t test for normally distributed continuous data， the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed continuous data， and the chi-square test for categorical data. A Cox proportional hazards model was employed for univariable and multi-variable analyses. The cumulative incidence rates of re-bleeding and mortality were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The baseline characteristics of the two groups were matched through propensity score matching （PSM） to reduce selection bias and enhance the credibility of causal inference.  Results  The re-bleeding rate of the carvedilol+EVL group was significantly lower than that of the carvedilol alone group （10-year cumulative incidence： 29.8% vs 36.2%， hazard ratio ［HR］=0.505， 95% confidence interval ［CI］： 0.292‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.847， P=0.015）. There was no significant difference in liver-related mortality （10-year cumulative incidence： 21.3% vs 21.4%， HR=0.799， 95%CI： 0.406‍ ‍—‍ ‍1.578， P=0.518）. The results were stable with PSM analysis. The Cox regression analysis revealed that creatinine was an independent risk factor affecting re-bleeding （HR=1.004， 95%CI： 1.001‍ ‍—‍ ‍1.008， P=0.011） and liver-related mortality （HR=1.004， 95%CI： 1.001‍ ‍—‍ ‍1.007， P=0.019）.  Conclusion  Carvedilol combined with EVL is better than carvedilol alone in the prevention of gastroesophageal variceal re-bleeding.

     

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