聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b治疗低水平乙型肝炎表面抗原慢性乙型肝炎临床治愈列线图模型的构建
DOI: 10.12449/JCH260508
Construction of a nomogram model for clinical cure of chronic hepatitis B with a low level of hepatitis B surface antigen treated with pegylated interferon α-2b
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摘要:
目的 筛选聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b(PEG-IFN-α-2b)治疗乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)低水平慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者实现HBsAg清除的相关预测因素,构建基于多因素的联合预测模型并绘制列线图,为临床个体化治疗方案制定及疗效预判提供参考依据。 方法 回顾性分析2022年1月—2024年1月于昆明市第三人民医院就诊并接受PEG-IFN-α-2b治疗的HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL的167例CHB患者,根据其是否实现临床治愈将患者分为HBsAg清除组和HBsAg未清除组。收集患者一般资料和治疗中不同时间节点的血清学生化指标、病毒学指标。符合正态分布的计量资料采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料比较采用χ2检验。多因素Logistic回归分析独立影响因素。受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析单个指标以及联合预测因子对评估临床治愈的诊断价值,绘制校准曲线,对风险预测模型进行评价。 结果 单因素分析显示,两组患者的年龄(t=-6.839)、核苷(酸)类似物(NA)治疗史1年以上(χ2=59.339)、基因分型(χ2=4.610)、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(χ2=5.319)、治疗前乙型肝炎病毒DNA状态(χ2=60.861)、代偿期肝硬化(χ2=10.960)、治疗前乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)状态(χ2=19.060)、有IFN治疗史(χ2=8.162)、治疗后出现IFN抗体(χ2=12.858)、治疗前HBsAg水平(Z=-7.412)、基线丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平(Z=-6.117)、治疗12周ALT水平(Z=-7.171)、治疗24周血小板(PLT)水平(Z=-3.622)、治疗24周促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平(Z=-2.830)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄[比值比(OR)=1.230,P=0.007]、NA治疗史1年以上(OR=0.008,P=0.011)、治疗前HBeAg状态(OR=0.003,P=0.012)、治疗前HBsAg水平(OR=1.005,P=0.014)、基线ALT水平(OR=0.949,P=0.014)、治疗12周ALT水平(OR=0.969,P=0.016)、治疗24周PLT水平(OR=0.969,P=0.022)、治疗24周TSH水平(OR=3.608,P=0.045)是HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL的CHB患者治疗48周实现HBsAg清除的独立影响因素。Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验显示χ2=1.398,P=0.994,提示模型拟合良好。用Bootstrap法对列线图模型进行内部验证,校准曲线与理想曲线拟合良好,校准曲线平均绝对误差为0.029。ROC曲线分析显示,联合预测因子的曲线下面积为0.982(95%CI:0.961~0.999),敏感度为94.10%,特异度为93.10%,提示列线图模型具有较好的区分能力。进一步分析显示,不同特征下HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL的CHB患者治疗48周的HBsAg清除率比较,治疗前HBsAg水平≤67.65 IU/mL时,HBsAg清除率为69.60%;基线ALT水平≥62.50 U/L时,HBsAg清除率为58.30%;治疗12周ALT水平≥92.50 U/L时,HBsAg清除率为68.30%;治疗24周PLT水平≥104×109/L时,HBsAg清除率为42.40%;治疗24周TSH水平≤1.38 μIU/mL时,HBsAg清除率为48.30%,两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001)。 结论 年龄、NA治疗史1年以上、治疗前HBeAg状态、治疗前HBsAg水平、基线ALT水平、治疗12周ALT水平、治疗24周PLT水平和治疗24周TSH水平为独立预测因素,所构建的联合预测列线图模型对PEG-IFN-α-2b治疗HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL的CHB患者治疗48周实现临床治愈具有较高的预测价值,可为筛选适合治疗人群和预测临床治愈提供参考。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the predictive factors for HBsAg clearance in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with a low level of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) treated with pegylated interferon α-2b (PEG-IFN-α-2b), to establish a combined predictive model and a nomogram based on multiple factors, and to provide a reference for formulating individualized treatment regimens and predicting treatment outcome in clinical practice. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 167 CHB patients with HBsAg <1 500 IU/mL who attended The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming from January 2022 to January 2024 and were treated with PEG-IFN-α-2b. According to whether clinical cure was achieved, the patients were divided into HBsAg clearance group and HBsAg non-clearance group. Related data were collected, including general information and serological/biochemical/virological indicators at different time points during treatment. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent influencing factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the value of indicators used alone or in combination in predicting clinical cure, and calibration curves were plotted to assess the risk prediction model. Results The univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in age (t=-6.839, P<0.05), history of nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment for over 1 year (χ2=59.339, P<0.05), genotype (χ2=4.610, P<0.05), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (χ2=5.319, P<0.05), hepatitis B virus DNA status before treatment (χ2=60.861, P <0.05), compensated liver cirrhosis (χ2=10.960, P<0.05), HBeAg status before treatment (χ2=19.060, P<0.05), a history of interferon treatment (χ2=8.162, P<0.05), presence of interferon antibodies after treatment (χ2=12.858, P<0.05), HBsAg level before treatment (Z=-7.412, P<0.05), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) level at baseline (Z=-6.117, P<0.05), ALT level at 12 weeks of treatment (Z=-7.171, P<0.05), platelet count (PLT) at 24 weeks of treatment (Z=-3.622, P<0.05), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level at 24 weeks of treatment (Z=-2.830, P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR]=1.230, P=0.007), history of nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment for over 1 year (OR=0.008, P=0.011), HBeAg status before treatment (OR=0.003, P=0.012), HBsAg level before treatment (OR=1.005, P=0.014), ALT level at baseline (OR=0.949, P=0.014), ALT level at 12 weeks of treatment (OR=0.969, P=0.016), PLT at 24 weeks of treatment (OR=0.969, P=0.022), and TSH level at 24 weeks of treatment (OR=3.608, P=0.045) were independent influencing factors for HBsAg clearance at 48 weeks of treatment in CHB patients with HBsAg <1 500 IU/mL. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test yielded χ2=1.398, P=0.994, indicating that the model had good fitting. The Bootstrap method was used to perform internal validation of the nomogram model, and there was a good degree of fitting between the calibration curve and the ideal curve, with a mean absolute error of 0.029. The ROC curve analysis showed that the combination of predictive factors had an area under the ROC curve of 0.982 (95% confidence interval: 0.961 — 0.999), with a sensitivity of 94.10% and a specificity of 93.10%, suggesting that the nomogram model had a good discriminatory ability. For the CHB patients with HBsAg <1 500 IU/mL and different features, further analysis of HBsAg clearance rate at 48 weeks of treatment showed an HBsAg clearance rate of 69.60% for those with HBsAg ≤67.65 IU/mL before treatment, 58.30% for those with a baseline ALT level of ≥62.50 U/L, 68.30% for those with an ALT level of ≥92.50 U/L at 12 weeks of treatment, 42.40% for those with PLT ≥104×109/L at 24 weeks of treatment, and 48.30% for those with a TSH level of ≤1.38 μIU/mL at 24 weeks of treatment, with significant differences between the two groups (all P<0.001). Conclusion Age, history of nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment for over 1 year, HBeAg status before treatment, HBsAg level before treatment, baseline ALT level, ALT level at 12 weeks of treatment, PLT level at 24 weeks, and TSH level at 24 weeks of treatment are independent predictive factors. The combined prediction nomogram model constructed in this study has a relatively high value in predicting clinical cure at 48 weeks of PEG-IFN-α-2b treatment in CHB patients with HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL, thereby providing a reference for selecting suitable treatment population and predicting clinical cure. -
Key words:
- Hepatitis B, Chronic /
- Interferon-alpha /
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens /
- Nomograms
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注: CHB,慢性乙型肝炎;NA,核苷(酸)类似物;HBeAg,乙型肝炎e抗原;HBsAg,乙型肝炎表面抗原;PLT,血小板;ALT,丙氨酸氨基转移酶;TSH,促甲状腺激素;ROC曲线,受试者操作特征曲线。
图 3 单个指标以及联合预测模型预测HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL的CHB患者治疗48周实现HBsAg清除的ROC曲线
Figure 3. ROC curves of individual indicators and the combined prediction model for diagnosing HBsAg clearance after 48 weeks of treatment in CHB patients with HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL
表 1 167例HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL的CHB患者基本临床资料比较
Table 1. Comparison of baseline clinical characteristics in 167 CHB patients with HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL
指标 HBsAg清除组(n=51) HBsAg未清除组(n=116) 统计值 P值 性别[例(%)] χ2=0.327 0.567 男 31(60.8) 65(56.0) 女 20(39.2) 51(44.0) 年龄(岁) 28.29±10.01 40.29±10.63 t=-6.839 <0.001 NA治疗史1年以上[例(%)] χ2=59.339 <0.001 是 44(86.3) 26(22.4) 否 7(13.7) 90(77.6) 有IFN治疗史[例(%)] χ2=8.162 0.004 是 22(43.1) 25(21.6) 否 29(56.9) 91(78.4) 基因分型[例(%)] χ2=4.610 0.032 B型 28(54.9) 43(37.1) C型 23(45.1) 73(62.9) 非酒精性脂肪性肝病[例(%)] χ2=5.319 0.021 有 17(33.3) 20(17.2) 无 34(66.7) 96(82.8) 直系三代内肝癌家族史[例(%)] χ2=0.151 0.697 有 11(21.6) 22(19.0) 无 40(78.4) 94(81.0) 代偿期肝硬化[例(%)] χ2=10.960 0.001 有 5(9.8) 40(34.5) 无 46(90.2) 76(65.5) 治疗前HBV DNA状态[例(%)] χ2=60.861 <0.001 阴性 46(90.2) 29(25.0) 阳性 5(9.8) 87(75.0) 治疗前HBeAg状态[例(%)] χ2=19.060 <0.001 阴性 43(84.3) 56(48.3) 阳性 8(15.7) 60(51.7) 治疗前出现IFN抗体[例(%)] χ2=0.658 0.417 是 4(7.8) 14(12.1) 否 47(92.2) 102(87.9) 治疗后出现IFN抗体[例(%)] χ2=12.858 <0.001 是 5(9.8) 43(37.1) 否 46(90.2) 73(62.9) 治疗前HBsAg水平(IU/mL) 91.18(5.47~62.44) 597.35(149.24~1 206.01) Z=-7.412 <0.001 基线水平 WBC(×109/L) 5.32(4.38~6.58) 5.26(4.46~6.25) Z=-0.248 0.804 NEUT(×109/L) 2.88(1.98~4.51) 2.90(2.05~3.75) Z=-0.182 0.855 PLT(×109/L) 226.00(174.00~266.00) 215.50(164.25~260.75) Z=-0.787 0.431 ALT(U/L) 93.00(68.00~145.00) 38.00(23.25~69.50) Z=-6.117 <0.001 TSH(μIU/mL) 2.72(2.16~3.71) 2.89(2.21~4.77) Z=-1.058 0.290 治疗12周水平 WBC(×109/L) 3.12(2.45~4.07) 3.25(3.65~4.16) Z=-1.437 0.151 NEUT(×109/L) 1.32(1.04~1.63) 1.34(0.99~1.85) Z=-0.224 0.823 PLT(×109/L) 125.00(100.00~175.00) 145.00(105.75~195.25) Z=-1.712 0.087 ALT(U/L) 141.00(120.00~156.00) 54.00(42.70~85.00) Z=-7.171 <0.001 TSH(μIU/mL) 2.65(1.46~4.15) 2.54(1.61~4.16) Z=-0.127 0.899 Table 1. (continued)
指标 HBsAg清除组(n=51) HBsAg未清除组(n=116) 统计值 P值 治疗24周水平 WBC(×109/L) 2.65(2.47~3.55) 3.15(3.59~3.98) Z=-1.189 0.235 NEUT(×109/L) 0.99(0.84~1.14) 1.04(0.88~1.46) Z=-1.747 0.081 PLT(×109/L) 135.00(115.00~156.00) 100.00(85.00~152.00) Z=-3.622 <0.001 ALT(U/L) 89.00(74.00~103.00) 85.00(60.00~125.00) Z=-0.108 0.914 TSH(μIU/mL) 1.25(0.84~2.43) 1.97(1.28~2.97) Z=-2.830 0.005 注:CHB,慢性乙型肝炎;NA,核苷(酸)类似物;HBV,乙型肝炎病毒;HBeAg,乙型肝炎e抗原;IFN,干扰素;HBsAg,乙型肝炎表面抗原;WBC,白细胞;NEUT,中性粒细胞;PLT,血小板;ALT,丙氨酸氨基转移酶;TSH,促甲状腺激素。
表 2 HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL的CHB患者治疗48周实现HBsAg清除的多因素Logistic回归分析
Table 2. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of HBsAg clearance in CHB patients with HBsAg<1 500 IU/mL after 48 weeks of treatment
指标 β SE Wald OR 95%CI P值 年龄 0.207 0.077 7.264 1.230 1.058~1.430 0.007 NA治疗史1年以上 -4.858 1.917 6.423 0.008 0.001~0.332 0.011 有IFN治疗史 -0.878 1.075 0.667 0.415 0.051~3.418 0.414 基因分型 -1.703 1.409 1.460 0.182 0.012~2.883 0.227 非酒精性脂肪性肝病 0.674 1.114 0.366 1.963 0.221~17.436 0.545 代偿期肝硬化 1.680 1.533 1.202 5.367 0.226~108.206 0.273 治疗前HBV DNA状态 -1.978 1.265 2.444 0.138 0.012~1.651 0.118 治疗前HBeAg状态 -5.802 2.299 6.372 0.003 0.001~0.273 0.012 治疗后出现IFN抗体 -2.359 1.647 6.008 0.095 0.004~2.384 0.152 治疗前HBsAg水平 0.005 0.002 6.008 1.005 1.001~1.010 0.014 治疗24周PLT水平 -0.031 0.014 5.258 0.969 0.944~0.995 0.022 基线ALT水平 -0.052 0.021 6.058 0.949 0.910~0.989 0.014 治疗12周ALT水平 -0.031 0.013 5.785 0.969 0.945~0.994 0.016 治疗24周TSH水平 1.283 0.641 4.006 3.608 1.027~12.673 0.045 注:CHB,慢性乙型肝炎;NA,核苷(酸)类似物;HBV,乙型肝炎病毒;HBeAg,乙型肝炎e抗原;IFN,干扰素;HBsAg,乙型肝炎表面抗原;PLT,血小板;ALT,丙氨酸氨基转移酶;TSH,促甲状腺激素;OR,比值比;CI,置信区间。
表 3 单个指标以及联合预测模型的诊断价值比较
Table 3. Comparison of diagnostic value between individual indicators and combined predictive model
指标 AUC 截断值 约登指数 敏感度(%) 特异度(%) 95%CI Z值 P值 年龄 0.801 34岁 0.583 82.40 75.90 0.722~0.880 -4.631 <0.001 NA治疗史1年以上 0.819 0.639 86.30 77.60 0.758~0.880 -5.745 <0.001 治疗前HBeAg状态 0.680 0.360 84.30 51.70 0.612~0.748 -8.648 <0.001 治疗前HBsAg水平 0.861 67.65 IU/mL 0.627 76.50 86.20 0.795~0.927 -3.771 0.001 基线ALT水平 0.797 62.50 U/L 0.565 82.40 74.10 0.721~0.874 -4.972 <0.001 治疗12周ALT水平 0.849 92.50 U/L 0.671 84.30 82.80 0.774~0.923 -3.918 <0.001 治疗24周PLT水平 0.676 103.50×109/L 0.386 84.30 54.30 0.594~0.758 -7.168 <0.001 治疗24周TSH水平 0.638 1.38 μIU/mL 0.302 56.90 73.30 0.545~0.731 -7.131 <0.001 联合预测因子 0.982 0.872 94.10 93.10 0.961~0.999 注:NA,核苷(酸)类似物;HBeAg,乙型肝炎e抗原;HBsAg,乙型肝炎表面抗原;PLT,血小板;ALT,丙氨酸氨基转移酶;TSH,促甲状腺激素;AUC,受试者操作特征曲线下面积;CI,置信区间。
表 4 不同特征下CHB患者治疗48周后HBsAg清除率的比较
Table 4. Comparison of HBsAg clearance rates in CHB patients after 48 weeks of treatment under different characteristics
指标 例数 HBsAg清除组 HBsAg未清除组 χ2值 P值 治疗前HBsAg水平[例(%)] 60.733 <0.001 ≤67.65 IU/mL 56 39(69.60) 17(30.40) >67.65 IU/mL 111 12(10.80) 99(89.20) 基线ALT水平[例(%)] 46.094 <0.001 ≥62.50 U/L 72 42(58.30) 30(41.70) <62.50 U/L 95 9(9.50) 86(90.50) 治疗12周ALT水平[例(%)] 67.836 <0.001 ≥92.50 U/L 63 43(68.30) 20(31.70) <92.50 U/L 104 8(7.70) 96(92.30) 治疗24周PLT水平[例(%)] 13.566 <0.001 ≥104×109/L 92 39(42.40) 53(57.60) <104×109/L 75 12(16.00) 63(84.00) 治疗24周TSH水平[例(%)] 13.978 <0.001 ≤1.38 μIU/mL 60 29(48.30) 31(51.70) >1.38 μIU/mL 107 22(20.60) 85(79.40) 注:CHB,慢性乙型肝炎;HBsAg,乙型肝炎表面抗原;ALT,丙氨酸氨基转移酶;PLT,血小板;TSH,促甲状腺激素。
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